Tampilkan postingan dengan label Operating System. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label Operating System. Tampilkan semua postingan

Selasa, 23 Juni 2009

MS-DOS

MS-DOS, short for Microsoft Disk Operating System, is an operating system that is widely used by the computer IBM-PC or compatible with it. Microsoft to make MS-DOS as a mainstream operating system, before finally stopping at the MS-DOS support slowly when they make an operating system-based graphical interface (also known as GUI) for the mainstream market, which is called as Microsoft Windows.

MS-DOS was first released in 1981, and over time, Microsoft also launched a new version of MS-DOS. No less than eight times until Microsoft launched new versions of MS-DOS in 1981 to support the Microsoft MS-DOS in 2000. MS-DOS is one of the key in the success of Microsoft to produce software, from a small company at the programming language to become an established software company that seems over the world.

History

MS-DOS was created by a computer manufacturer, named Seattle Computer Products (SCP) which are headed by Tim Patterson - who later recruited by Microsoft to develop DOS - in 1980 as a software operating system with the name of Q-DOS (stands for Quick and Dirty Operating System), which changed its name to 86-DOS, because the Q-DOS is designed to run on computers with the Intel 8086 processor. Microsoft also licenses dengn purchase price of 50,000 U.S. dollars SCP, and change its name to MS-DOS. Later, when IBM launched its personal computer would called the IBM PC, Microsoft also sells licenses MS-DOS to IBM.

Development

IBM and Microsoft released the next version of DOS-version, where a version of IBM dibundel directly with the computer called the IBM PC with the "IBM PC-DOS" (short for International Business Machine Personal Computer Disk Operating System). Initially, IBM only uses what is reasonable use of the MS-DOS released by Microsoft, such as its programs or utilities that disertakannya. Therefore, the IBM version is released more slowly than the version of MS-DOS. However, MS-DOS version 4.0 is a version of MS-DOS is the first really the same as IBM PC-DOS, because Microsoft is being berkonsenstrasi to develop an operating system of DOS, called OS / 2.

Microsoft, when the license DOS to IBM, signed a license agreement that contains one of poinnya that Microsoft could license MS-DOS to the company other than IBM, and the companies are changing the name MS-DOS became the name they use (example: TandyDOS, Compaq DOS , and others). Most versions are of course the same as the version that was developed by Microsoft with MS-DOS it, but began to pull a Microsoft license agreement so that other companies should be using the MS-DOS, not a name that has been customized previously. IBM is only given freedom to continue using the IBM PC-DOS, not MS-DOS.

MS-DOS was developed with quite quickly, with significant features that are taken from some other operating systems such as Microsoft Xenix - a variant of UNIX operating system developed by Microsoft - and the property of DR-DOS Digital Research, and the products other utilities such as Norton Utilities from Symantec Corporation (adopted products such as Microsoft Disk Defragmenter), PC-Tools from Central Points (adopted products such as Microsoft Anti-Virus), or expanded memory manager Emm (expanded Memory Manager) QEMM from Quarterdeck (product adopted as EMM386), compressed disk (or disk compression) DriveSpace from Stac Electronics, and many other products that was adopted.

When the Intel Corporation introduced a new mikroprosesor called with 80,286 Intel, Microsoft and IBM started the project of a new operating system called DOS with OS / 2, which essentially is a version of MS-DOS is running in protected mode (protected mode). But, leaving the project Microsoft OS / 2 is to focus on the development of Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Windows NT. Digital Research to create a graphical interface called the GEM, but is less popular on the IBM PC computer or compatible. GEM market appeared to get on the computer ATARI ST machine, but eventually disalip again by the Microsoft Windows version 3.0.

MS-DOS version

MS-DOS version 1.xx


This is where the early version of MS-DOS was first released by Microsoft. The contents, of course, very primitive and only contains the basic framework are: does not have to manage the display graphics files, no support network. The point, the first DOS version of this net frill. The first version of DOS supports only IBM PC Model 5150 and all supporting hardware, such as floppy disks only support single-side floppy disk with a size of 5 ½ inches with only 160K.

Lapse of approximately one year, in which the public interest will be IBM PC products, Microsoft is also making improvements to msdos, and muncullah DOS version 1.1. In fact, this is caused by the IBM products launched a new floppy disk drive for floppy disks with double-side size 5 ½ inches with a 320K. Use double-side for the floppy disk is very influential, because storage media can store two times more than the floppy diskette single-side. Do not laugh to see capacity floppy disks that are supported by MS-DOS 1.1. You will not get the capacity of tens of megabytes or gigabytes. Even the hard disk is still only rarely found on the microcomputer, and III that only Apple has.

After that, Microsoft appeared to sell MS-DOS to IBM competitors to make such a clone IBM PC 5150. Microsoft gave him a version 1:25. Designed in such a way because with the philosophy of open-architecture, unlike Apple and the Commodore of the IBM PC clone can be made. And because that is the IBM PC and IBM PC clone that is compatible with IBM PC very successful in the market. This is the success of three companies: IBM, Intel, and of course Microsoft. However, the market a while IBM was digerogoti by Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell Computer Corporation to create the IBM PC clone.

MS-DOS version 2.xx

In early 1983, IBM launched its IBM PC XT (Extended Technology), as the improvement of the IBM PC 5150 version. IBM PC XT equipped with a 10M hard disk, the interface input / output diversiform serial (RS-232 or better known as the COM interface), with a capacity of 128K of RAM, a floppy disk drive double-side 360K and three expansion slots. Of course, the use of some new hardware such as hard disks, floppy disks and drives with 360K (40K is higher than in the double-side version of the IBM PC 5150) requires an operating system, Microsoft and IBM does not disappoint. With their sprightly and quick release MS-DOS version 2.0. Finally dibundel IBM PC XT with IBM PC-DOS 2.0.

MS-DOS version 2.0 has many improvements from the MS-DOS 1.1 which is for the computer IBM PC 5150. These include support for the use of the directory structure hierarkis (fork) like a tree that has a root (root) and branches (branch). In addition, the MS-DOS 2.0 also supports a variety of functions, which was adopted from UNIX, as well as the use of I / O redirection (>,>>, <, <<) and the print spooler. Recommended print spooler is a feature that can save the file to be printed in a memory buffer so that the file will not be printed directly printed, but it saved first. The aim is that the printing process can take place more quickly, and the user does not have to direpotkan to print the entire file if kertasnya out, but just need a new paper and pressing resume button to continue. While I / O redirection function to perform the function input and the output from the command line. In addition to these two features are adopted from the UNIX, DOS version 2.0 also provides flexibility so that you can install the drivers for DOS, with mengintegrasikannya in the configuration file CONFIG.SYS. In fact, IBM PC XT computer is very successful: success even reached Japan. Kanji language support for Japanese, Microsoft decided to launch the MS-DOS version of 2:05. In the same year, IBM launched its IBM PC Jr.. (read: PC Junior). Unfortunately, unlike the sister-sister, IBM PC Jr. failed in the market. When launched, IBM PC Jr. the IBM PC-DOS 2.1. MS-DOS version 3.xx

IBM launched its IBM PC-AT (Advanced Technology) in the summer of 1984. IBM PC AT computer using mikroprosesor Intel 80286 (16-bit) speed 6MHz, with 256K of RAM memory, a floppy drive 1.2m 5 ¼ inches, 20m a hard disk, video card and color (standard CGA). Of course, Microsoft as a business partner who is steadily sprightly support the launch of IBM PC-AT with also launched the latest version, MS-DOS 3.0. MS-DOS 3.0 supports all the capabilities of the IBM PC-AT, except for multi-tasking is provided by the Intel 80286 processor that is capable of running on the protected mode of course.

DOS 3.0 is the version that can support the functions of the network, even though limited to the network with the concept of working group (workgroup) and connected as a client on a server. Users can use network technology created by IBM, Token Ring in the DOS operating system. DOS 3.0 also supports the floppy disk 3 ½-inch low-density capacity of 720K, while the support DOS 3.3 floppy disk 3 ½-inch high-density capacity of 1.44M. In the DOS version 3 also supports a partition on the hard disk that has a capacity of up to 32M, 12M higher than the DOS version 2.0.

MS-DOS version 4.xx

In 1988, the operating system with graphical display start mushroom. Microsoft also launched version 1.0 on Windows 1985 and Windows version 2.0 in 1989. In the DOS version 4.0, the Microsoft program to create a DOS shell with the name of Shell, which has a display property, such as DOS Executive Windows version 1.0. At that time, there is a shell program that is also a popular run in the top of the DOS operating system, with the name of Norton Commander (NC) made by Peter Norton. By using the shell, the user can more easily organize and archive files, and run the program, in one screen only. In addition, because the mouse can simplify the operation of computers, DOS Shell can also support them.

Version 4.0 is the version that most of the changes. Version is the next versions are improvements, and additional utilities.
MS-DOS version 5.xx

IBM already does not make a chop-chop mikrokomputer new in the industry, because the market previously dominated IBM has eaten little by little by its competitors, such as Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell that also produce mikrokomputer that is compatible with IBM computers, as using the same design, and also the same mikroprosesor made by Intel Corporation. Here is a successful Intel Corporation, which is used as mikroprosesor produced far more, due to demand more. Because the computer uses artificial mikroprosesor Intel Corporation, then found out that Microsoft is successful both with its DOS. Many analysts argued that the case is caused by the failure of IBM when they sell the IBM PC Jr.., And architecture with the IBM P/S2 Micro-Channel Architecture (MCA). MCA bus used by the IBM P/S2 not use the concept of open-architecture as the ISA bus also made by IBM but with open-architecture. In addition, the expansion cards that use the MCA bus prices have relatively more expensive than ISA bus is being used at that time and became a standard, so that slow penyerapannya in the market mikrokomputer.

IBM failed to extend the age of the IBM PC, but Microsoft will continue to develop with the launch DOS MS-DOS version 5.0. Version 5.0 is released in 1991, and has many features that are far better, as well as device driver that can be installed on the memory area in the top 640K (HMA), using the parameters DEVICEHIGH the configuration file and CONFIG.SYS file LOADHIGH on AUTOEXEC. BAT multiply so that the possibility to run a program that requires conventional memory (640K initial memory of the computer) is greater.

For the utility, Microsoft added a lot of utility in the DOS version is 5.0. These include ASCII text file editor, called MS-DOS Editor (EDIT.COM) and the QuickBasic programming language (QBASIC.EXE). This utility is intended to replace the editor-oriented "line per line," EDLIN.EXE in the DOS version 4.0 and the previous one.

In addition to ASCII text file editor, Microsoft also made to create a macro tool to speed up working with computers. The program is called the macro DOSKEY.COM. When loaded, DOSKEY can create a macro and execute the macro. In addition, by using DOSKEY can make it easier pengetikan the same with the previous problem so that "tired typing" command the same to be repeated much more simple and easy. To do so, users can use the arrow keys up and down. Features such as this is owned by Command Prompt on Windows 2000/XP.

Other utilities that are also interesting UNFORMAT.EXE and UNDELETE.EXE. Both are very useful utility to restore files that are deleted and the drive is supplied preformatted. UNDELETE.EXE similar program as well as the Recycle Bin in Windows 95 (and onwards), they just seem a little more complicated than the Recycle Bin that runs on Windows. In addition UNDELETE.EXE that runs in the command line, the DOS version 5.0 is also MWUNDEL.EXE there is a utility that runs on Windows version 3.0, so that the Recycle Bin feature can also be found in Windows 3.0.

MS-DOS version 6.xx

MS-DOS version 6.0 is released in 1993. This version has many additional utilities, such as Antivirus (MSAV.EXE), Virus Protection (VSAFE.COM) adopted from Central Point PC Tools. In addition, there are utilities to do defragmentasi hard disk (DEFRAG.EXE) adopted from the Symantec Norton Utilities, utilities to check hard disk error placement of files and damage (SCANDISK.EXE) CHKDSK.EXE as a replacement, and repair of utility the previous.

In the MS-DOS version 6.0 also include a utility that can create a placement file to be more efficient with the name DoubleSpace. However, a company that has a patent on it to be so angry to the Microsoft table green. Microsoft and even less utility DoubleSpace also revoked from DOS 6:20. Year-end 1994, Microsoft revised the DOS 6:20 similar to the utility but it does not violate the patents of others with the name DriveSpace. MS-DOS is MS-DOS version of 6:22.

MS-DOS version 7.xx

MS-DOS version 7.0 is released only a few months before Microsoft released Windows 95, a version of Windows that is completely independent of the MS-DOS. In fact, Windows 95 is not really 100% free from MS-DOS, only some of the functionality previously handled by the MS-DOS kernel, now handled by Windows. MSDOS.SYS file in the previous versions are binary files (programs), it is only plain text file, which contains the process of booting a computer course, and the various line contains "xxx" with the functions that are not clear.

Not a lot of improvement going on DOS 7:00 this because some functions have been moved to Windows 95. Windows 95 is a version of Windows with Win-32 API and a redesigned desktop. Windows 95 has a control center from the Start Menu button on the bottom left corner of your screen. When the new outstanding 2 weeks, Microsoft seems to get hit very huge, because Windows 95 has been sold to more than 7 million copies.

When Microsoft launched Windows 98, Microsoft also revised the DOS version of 7:10 to be with the support for the FAT32 file system is much more efficient than FAT16 file system. The functionality of the MS-DOS 7:10 trimmed even more. The result, at the end of 1999, Microsoft launched a new version of Windows, code name with the Georgia (Windows Millennium Edition) is truly without DOS!

In fact, the operating system that is completely without DOS ever made by Microsoft before Windows NT, Windows NT only intended for the minicomputer, network server, Mainframe, and workstations. That its use makes it very difficult complex adopted by the beginners in the field of computers.

Summary version of MS-DOS

Version Launched
Program/New Capabilities
1.00 12 Agustus 1981 EDLIN.COM
EXE2BIN.COM
LINK.EXE
DEBUG.COM
CHKDSK.COM
DISKCOMP.COM
DISKCOPY.COM
COMP.COM
SYS.COM
RAMCLEAR.COM
SETCLOCK.COM
MODE.COM
FORMAT.COM
BASIC.COM
BASICA.COM
LABEL.EXE

The first version of MS-DOS
Not support hard disk
Only support 160K floppy disk only.
1.1 May 1982 Support double side floppy disk 320K.
1.25 May 1982 Release for the first IBM PC clone.
2.0 March 1983 TREE.COM
MKDIR/MD
CHDIR/CD
RMDIR/RD
MORE.COM
LESS.COM
SORT.COM
ASSIGN.COM
COLOR.COM
GRAPHICS.COM
GRAFTABL.COM
PARK.COM
PRINT.COM
BACKUP.EXE
RESTORE.EXE

Support for 360K floppy disk.
Support for the directory hierarkis.
some functions of the UNIX operating system: pipe, I / O redirection, print spooling.
2.05 April 1983 Support letter kanji (Japan).
2.10 October 1983
2.11 March 1984
3.00 August 1984 FDISK.EXE
FC.EXE
APEND.COM
RECOVER.COM
NLSFUNC.EXE
Created Partition disc up to 32MB.
Support file system FAT12.
3.10 November 1984 SUBST.EXE
SELECT.COM
FIND.EXE
SHARE.EXE
REPLACE.EXE

Support the local network (LAN) with the MS-NET components.
3.20 January 1986 XCOPY.EXE

Support network topology IBM Token Ring
Support floppy disk 3.5-inch 720K
3.30 April 1987 FASTOPEN.EXE
FASTHELP.EXE
Support floppy disk 1.44M 3.5 inci
4.00 June 1988 MOUSE.COM
HIMEM.SYS
SMARTDRV.EXE
SETVER.EXE
MIRROR.COM
Support for Mouse
Support screen graphics (better than the CGA).
4.01 November 1988 RAMDRIVE.SYS
5.0 June 1991 EDIT.COM
QBASIC.EXE
DOSSHELL.EXE
DOSKEY.EXE
UNDELETE.EXE
UNFORMAT.EXE
MWUNDEL.EXE
EXPAND.EXE
Definited Upper Memory Block (UMB) that can be used by device drivers and programs that are terminate-and-Stay-Resident (tsr).
6.0 March 1993 EMM386.EXE
DBLSPACE.EXE
VSAFE.COM
MSAV.EXE
DEFRAG.EXE
SCANDISK.EXE
Many support utilities to diagnose problems, such as Antivirus, Defragmenter, and SCANDISK (replacement CHKDSK).
6.20 November 1993 Version 6.0 reduced DBLSPACE.EXE, because of patent issues with Stac Technology as patent owners.
6.22 June 1994 DRVSPACE.EXE as DBLSPACE.EXE with the same functionality.
It is the last DOS version of a stand-alone.
7.0 April 1995 LOCK.
Is the integrated DOS in Windows 95.
7.10 August 1997 Support for the FAT32 file system directly on the kernel.
Integrated in Windows 95 OSR 2.0 and Windows 98.

Jumat, 19 Juni 2009

History of Operating System

History of Operating System DOS, Windows and Linux

Do not forget the history ...!
This sentence is not only applicable in the real world, but also in the computer world, especially the operating system.

Learning the history really interesting, even though history is only the operating system / operating system (OS) of a computer. Most do not learn the history of computer operating systems, we gain insight not only knowledgeable and berkutat on one operating system only.

This article will decipher the history of the operating system of DOS, Mac, Windows, BSD, and Linux.

1980

* QDOS: Paterson Team of Seattle Computer write QDOS made famous from the OS at that time, CP / M. QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) marketed by the name of Seatle Computer 86-DOS because it is designed for the Intel 8086 processor.
* Microsoft: Bill Gates of Microsoft licensed QDOS buy and sell them to various computer companies.

1981

* PC DOS: IBM PC DOS launched purchased from Microsoft for a computer-based Intel 8086 processor.
* MS DOS: Microsoft MS DOS to use the name for this OS, if sold by the company outside of IBM.

1983

* MS DOS 2.0: Version 2.0 of MS DOS was launched on the PC XT.

1984

* System 1.0: Apple launched the Macintosh with OS derived from BSD UNIX. System 1.0 is the first operating system that was based graphics and use the mouse.
* MS DOS 3.0: Microsoft launches MS DOS 3.0 for the PC AT using Intel 80286 chip, and that supports the use of hard disks over 10 MB.
* MS DOS 3.1: Microsoft launches msdos 3.1 which provides support for the network.

1985

* MS Windows 1.0: Microsoft introduces MSWindows, the operating system that was based environment provides a graphical (GUI) and multitasking capabilities. Unfortunately, the operating system is very poor and unable to perform, the success of rival Apple.
* Novell Netware: Novell launched a network-based operating system Netware 86 are made for Intel 8086 processor.

1986

* MS DOS 3.2: Microsoft launches MS DOS 3.2 which adds support for 3.5 inch floppy 720 KB.

1987

* OS / 2: IBM introduced OS / 2 that was based graphics, as a candidate for IBM PC DOS.
* MS DOS 3.3: Microsoft launches MS DOS 3.3 which is the most popular versions of MS DOS.
* Windows 2.0: Windows version 2.0 introduced.
* MINIX: Andrew S. Tanenbaum developed Minix, a Unix-based operating system that is intended for education. MINIX later making Linux Conference.

1988

* MS DOS 4.0: Microsoft issued a msdos 4.0 with graphical environment.
* WWW: Proposal World Wide Web (WWW) by Tim BernersLee.

1989

* NetWare/386 (also known as version 3) released by Novell for the Intel 80386 processor.

1990

* Farewell: Two separate corporate giant, IBM is running the OS / 2 and concentrate on Microsoft Windows.
* Windows 3.0: Microsoft launches Windows version 3.0 that get good enough reception.
* MSOffice: membundel Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint to remove saingannya such as Lotus 123, WordStar, Word Perfect and Quattro.
* DR DOS: Digital Research introduced the DR DOS 5.0.

1991

Linux * 0:01: Students Helsinki named Linus Torvalds developed a Unix-based OS from the Minix operating system that has Linux.
* MS DOS 5.0: Microsoft launches msdos 5.0 with the addition of facilities full-screen editor, Undelete, unformat and Qbasic.

1992

* Windows 3.1: Microsoft launched Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups and 3:11 in the next year.
* BSD 386: OS-based Open Source from the BSD Unix derivative distributed by Bill Jolitz after leaving Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSDI). 386 BSD later became chief of the BSD Open Source projects, such as NetBSD, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD.
* Linux distributions: Linux distro is distributed in the format that is a combination of OS plus application program. The first Linux distribution known as SLS (Softlanding Linux System).

1993

* Windows NT: Microsoft launched Windows NT, OS without first DOS-based graphics on the server for the planned network.
* Web Browser: NCSA introduced the release of the first mosaic, a web browser for the Internet.
* MS DOS 6.0: Microsoft introduces msdos 6.0 Upgrade, which includes disk compression program DoubleSpace.
* Slackware: Patrick Volkerding Slackware Linux distribution which is the first popular distribution among Linux users.
* Debian: Ian Murdock from the Free Software Foundation (FSF) to create Linux-based OS by the name of Debian.
* MS DOS 6.2: Microsoft launches msdos 6.2.
* NetBSD: Project new OS-based Open Source is developed from 386BSD created using the name of NetBSD.
* FreeBSD: Following NetBSD, a project that developed from 386BSD also created with the name of FreeBSD.

1994

* Netscape: Internet big time to reach the popularity of Netscape Navigator as your browser to introduce the Internet.
* Msdos 6:22: Microsoft launches msdos with 6:22 compression program called DriveSpace. This is the last version of MS DOS.
* FreeDOS: Jim Hall, a student from the University of WisconsinRiver develop Falls Development FreeDOS. FreeDOS is made after Microsoft intends to stop its support DOS and replace it with Windows 95.
* SuSE: Linux OS version was developed by German System und Software Entwicklung GmbH (SuSE) and is made of the first Linux distro, SLS.
* Red Hat: Marc Ewing start making Red Hat Linux distribution.

1995

* Windows 95: Microsoft launched Windows 95 with the song Start Me Up from the Rolling Stones and sold more than 1 million copies within 4 days.
* PC DOS 7: IBM introduces the PC DOS 7 that is integrated with the popular program pengkompres data Stacker from Stac Electronics. This is the last version of the IBM PC DOS.
* Windows CE: Windows CE version first introduced to the public.
* PalmOS: Palm became popular with the PalmOS for PDA.
* OpenBSD: Theo de Raadt fuse develop NetBSD OpenBSD.

1996

* Windows NT 4.0: Microsoft launched Windows NT version 4.0

1997

* Mac OS: For the first time Apple introduced the use of the name of the Mac OS on Mac OS 7.6.

1998

* Windows 98: Internet Explorer Web browser into an important part of Windows 98 and successfully subvert domination Netscape Navigator.
* Linux Server: Linux gets support from many big companies, like IBM, Sun Microsystems and Hewlet Packard. Linux-based server start is replacing many Windows NT-based server.
* Google: Best Search Engine on the Internet and present known to use Linux as a server.
* Japan Goes Linux: TurboLinux launched in Japan and soon to be favorite OS in Asia, particularly in Japan, China and Korea.
* Mandrake: Gael Duval of Brazil to develop a Mandrake distribution derived from Red Hat.

1999

* Support: Hewlett Packard announced a service 24 / 7 for the distribution Caldera, Turbo Linux, Red Hat and SuSE.
* Corel Linux: the program Corel Corel Draw, which previously have been providing Linux version of Word Perfect, join to create Linux-based OS by the name of Corel Linux, and later switch the name to Xandros.

2000

* Mac OS / X: Mac OS is replaced with the BSD-based Unix machine with the kernel as Mac OS / X.
* Windows 2000: Microsoft launches Windows 2000 as the successor of Windows NT.
* Windows Me: Microsoft launches Windows Me, the latest version of Windows 95.
China Goes * Linux: Red Flag Linux was launched from the People's Republic of China.
* IBM vs. Microsoft: Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer called Linux a cancer in an interview with the Chicago SunTimes. On the other hand, IBM CEO Louis Gartsner states with support on the Linux invest $ 1 billion for the development of Linux.

2001

* Windows XP: Microsoft to introduce Windows XP.
* Lindows: Michael Robertson, founder of MP3.com, Lindows start development derived from the Debian. Later Lindows changed its name to Linspire because of a change in the name of a claim by Microsoft.

2002

* Open Office: Program office-based Open Source was launched by Sun Microsystems.
* Local OS: OS made people began to appear based on Linux, including Trustix Merdeka, WinBI, RimbaLinux, Komura.

2003

* Windows 2003: Microsoft released Windows Server 2003.
* Fedora: Redhat Fedora Core distro announced as the successor. Later some local distribution, are made based Fedora, such as 1.0 and BlankOn IGOS Nusantara.
* Novell: Ximian, the Linux-based software developer acquired by Novell, as well as SuSE is acquired by Novell.
* LiveCD: Knoppix is a Linux distro first developed the concept with the LiveCD that can be installed without having to first. Local distributions are made from a Knoppix Linux Waroeng Healthy and IGOS.

2004

* Ubuntu: Ubuntu released the first version and distributed to the world. There are several versions of the distribution is issued, the Ubuntu (Gnome based), Kubuntu (KDE-based), Xubuntu (Xfce-based), and Edubuntu (for education).

2005

* Mandriva: Mandrake merged with Conectiva and changed name to Mandriva.

2006

* Unbreakable Linux: Oracle join to create a Linux-based distribution derived from Red Hat Enterprise.
* CHIPLux: local distributions continue to appear in this year, even Magazines CHIP which provides more discussion of Windows also not make a Linux distro CHIPLux name, derived from the distribution of the local PC LINUX family PCLinuxOS (Mandriva variants). CHIPLux is a local distribution of the first distributed in DVD format.

2007

* Vista: After delayed for some time, Microsoft finally launched Windows Vista. Windows Vista 3D features introduced with the Aero Glass Desktop, Sidebar, and Flip 3D. Unfortunately, all this beauty must be paid to the needs of high specification computer is very high.

2008

* 3D OS: Unlike Vista which requires a high specification, 3D Desktop Linux on the computer appears with the specification that is very lightweight. Era Desktop 3D technology presence in Indonesia by the presence of 3D OS operating system developed by PC LINUX. There are several versions of which are provided, namely the 3D version of the OS to the user and the public version of Linux distro cafe and gaming center Linux.

Selasa, 16 Juni 2009

Computer

Computer is a tool that is used to process data in accordance with the procedures that have been formulated. The word computer is used to describe people who perkerjaannya perform arithmetic calculations, with or without hearing aids, but the meaning of these words and then moved to the machine itself. First of origin, processing information almost exclusively related to the arithmetic problem, but modern computers are used for many tasks not related to mathematics.

In such definition, there are tools like a slide rule, mechanical calculator of the type of abakus and so on, until all contemporary electronic computers. A more appropriate term for the broad sense as "computer" is "to process information" or "information processing system."

How Computers Work

While the technology used in digital computer has changed dramatically since the first computer in the 1940s (see History of the hardware count for more detail), most computers still use Von Neumann architecture, which is proposed in the early 1940's by John von Neumann .

Von Neumann architecture describes a computer with four main areas: arithmetic and Logical Unit (pestle), the control unit, memory, inputs and equipment and the results (collectively called I / O). This section is connected by the wire, "bus"

Memory

In this system, memory is a sequence of bytes be numbered (like "cells" or "hole dove"), each containing a small piece of information. This information may be said to command the computer what to do. Cell may contain data that is required to conduct a computer command. Each slot may contain one, and that now the data may then become a command.

Memory store various forms of information as binary digits. Information that has not solved akan shaped binary (encoded) with a number of instructions into a sequence of numbers or figures. For example: Letter F is stored as a decimal number 70 (or binary digits) using one of the methods of solution. More complex instructions that can be used to store images, sound, video, and all kinds of information. The information can be stored in a sell is called a byte.

In general, memory can be written back over millions of times - the memory can diumpamakan as blackboard and chalk that can be removed and re-written, rather than write a book with a pen that can not be deleted.

The size of each cell, and the number of cells, a great change from computer to computer, and technology in the making of memory is a great change - from Electromechanical relay, to a tube filled with mercury (and spring) in which the acoustic balance established, permanent magnet to the matrix, to each transistor, to integrated circuits with millions of transistor on a single Silicon chip.

Processing


Unit Pemproses Center or CPU (central processing unit) to process berperanan landing, and carry out counting down laluan information menerusi computer system. Unit or peranti akan pemprosesan also communicate with peranti input, output and storan for implementing the referral-related referrals.

In von Neumann architecture of the original, he describes an arithmetic and Logic Unit and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the second unit is located in a single integrated circuit (IC - Integrated Circuit), which is usually referred to as CPU (Central Processing Unit).

Logic and arithmetic units, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (alu), is a tool that make the implementation as the implementation of basic arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of the comparison (for example, compare the contents of two slots for equality). This is done on the units "work" is evident.

Save the command control unit which is now done by computer, ordered the implementation and pestle to get the information back (from memory) that is required to implement the command, and move the results back to a memory location that is appropriate. Once that happens, the control unit to go to the next (usually placed in the next slot, except that the command is the command to jump to inform the computer that the next placed in another location).

Input and Results

I / O allows the computer to get information from the outside world, and put the work there can be physical (hardcopy) or non-physical (softcopy). There are various means of I / O, from the familiar keyboard, monitor and disk drive, to the more unusual such as webcam (web camera, printer, scanner, and so forth.

Owned by all normal means of entry is that they encode to (change) from a range of information in the data can be further processed by a digital computer system. Tool output, men-in to decode the data information which can be understood by the computer. In this sense, the computer system is an example of digital data processing system.

Instructions

Command discussed above is not the rich human languages. Computers have only a limited number of simple commands that properly formulated. The command is understood that most normal computer is the "copy the contents of cell 123, and 456 cells in imitation," "add the contents of the cells 666 to 042 cells, and the result in cell 013", and "if the contents of cell 999 is 0, the next you in 345 cells. "

Instructions represented in the computer as a number - the code for "copy" may be 001, for example. A special set of commands that are supported by a particular computer language known as the engine computer. In practice, people usually do not write commands to the computer directly on the machine language programming language, but the "high level", which was then translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some of the programming language closely related to the language engine, such as assembler (low level languages); on the other hand, languages like Prolog are based on the abstract principles that are far from the actual detail of the engine (high-level language)

Architecture

Contemporary computer and put the pestle to the control unit in a single integrated circuit known as the Central Processing Unit or CPU. Typically, the computer memory is placed in the top few small integrated circuits near the CPU. Tool that occupies most space in the computer system is ancilliary (for example, to provide electrical energy) or device I / O.

Some larger computers differ from the above model in the one main thing - they have several CPU and control unit that works together. Moreover, several computers, used largely for purposes of research and scientific perkomputeran, is significantly different from the model above, but they have found little commercial use.

Function of the computer is actually fairly simple principle. Reach the computer and data from memory. The command is done, the results are stored, and the next reach. This procedure is repeated until the computer is turned off.

Program

Computer program is a list of commands to be done by computer, perhaps with the data in the table. Many computer programs contain millions of commands, and many of the command is carried out repeatedly. A [[Personal computer [PC]] Modern general (in 2003) can do about 2-3 billion in the sedetik. Computers do not have the ability through their extraordinary ability to perform complex commands. However, they do millions of simple commands that are governed by intellect, "programmer." "Both the Programmer elaborate set-set of commands to perform tasks (for example, draw a dot on the screen) and then create a set of command-set is available to other programmers." Nowadays, most computer programs to do some appearances as well. This is usually referred to as multitasking. In fact, make the CPU from one program, then after some time, the CPU switch to the second program, and do some command. A small distance of time is often referred to as time slices (time-slice). This program raises notional fold ganda conducted simultaneously with a CPU time of the program. This is similar to how the film is still just a series of flash frame. Operating system is a program that usually take this time out

Operating System

Operating system is a combination of such a useful code snippet. When such a computer code can be used together by a variety of different computer programs, after many years, programmers finally menmindahkannya the operating system.

Operating system, determine which program is run, when, and where the equipment (such as memory or I / O) that they use. Operating system also provides services to other programs, such as a code (drivers) that allows programmers to write programs for a machine without the need to know the detail of all electronic equipment that is connected.

Computer parts
Computer consists of 2 major parts: Software and hardware.


Kamis, 07 Mei 2009

Computer software

Overview

Computer software is often regarded as something, but hardware, meaning that the "hard" part is clear, while "soft" is the intangible object in the computer. Software includes a very wide variety of products and technology that was developed using various techniques such as programming languages, scripting languages, or even FPGA microcode or the country. Types of software include web pages developed by technologies like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop applications like Microsoft Word, OpenOffice developed by technology such as C, C + +, Java, C #, etc. Software usually runs on a software operating system like Microsoft Windows or Linux. This software is also a video game system and the logic of modern consumer devices such as cars, televisions, toasters, etc.

Relationship to computer hardware
Computer software that is called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to each processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions which change the computer's previous state. The software is a sequence of ordered instructions to change the computer hardware in a particular order. Usually written in high level programming language that is easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level language that is compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. The software can also be written in assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code through the assembler.

The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. Theoretical basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay computable numbers with an application to Entscheidungsproblem.


Types of software

Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes: system software, programming software and application software, although the difference is arbitrary, and often blurred.